Autism Spectrum Disorders

I remember when my nephew was four years old, he still very rarely spoke.  He had no trouble communicating what he wanted by pointing at something; however, he seemed to always be frustrated because he could not communicate his feelings.   He did eventually pick up language skills, after an extremely delayed start, but he still has a tendency to get extremely upset over minor changes, especially if he is interrupted from concentration on his current task. At times his play time is very rigid, but isn’t always the case.  His favorite task is stacking blocks in very uniform patterns, but he also enjoys pretend play like Batman.  He is a very affectionate child with his parents but has an extremely hard time getting along with other children including his siblings.

My sister was very concerned with his abnormal development of social skills and his delay in language skills.  She had read about autism and thought it could be a good possibility that her son could very well be autistic; however he did not fit the criteria of autism completely which was baffling.  After several visits to her family pediatrician, she was referred to a child neurologist for tests to be done to determine his condition.  His diagnosis: PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified).  Okay, that was certainly an unfamiliar term. 

Well, it turns out that PDD-NOS is part of group of developmental disabilities called Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) more recently referred to as Pervasive Development Disorders (PDD).   People with ASD process stimulus data in their brain’s differently from the way ordinary individuals do, which can cause considerable social, communication and behavioral difficulties (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010).  Each individual case of ASD is different.   It occurs among individuals of all levels of intelligence from mentally handicapped to genius.   Some are affected severely, while others have it very mildly.  Some are coupled with other disorders, some not.  The term “spectrum disorders” was assumed because of the wide range of symptom severity, the various characteristics of symptoms, and the different ages that symptoms begin to show.  Autism is one of the disorders, but it also includes Asperger’s Syndrome, and PDD-NOS (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010).

Autism is the first type of ASD, the most well-known, and the most severe disorder in the spectrum.  It is the disorder that people consider when they hear the word autism and is the most severe case in the spectrum and is characterized by the stereotypical behaviors, such as lack of imagination (Wing, 1996), routines or repetitive behaviors including “repeating words or actions, obsessively following routines or schedules, playing in repetitive ways, insists on sameness, and becomes distressed when routines or rituals are changed” (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2010).  It also includes “challenges, disabilities, or delays in the area of social communication, sharing emotions, understanding how others think and feel, and holding a conversation.” (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2010) These symptoms may start by the age of three, but there can be other indications of the disorder before the end of the first year.

Autistic individuals have trouble communicating both verbally and non-verbally, and they tend to avoid eye contact.  They may have odd habits, like having to have their plate exactly an inch from the edge of the table, and their food situated in a certain way on the plate before they can eat.  Instead of playing with their toys, they may have an obsessive habit of arranging them all in a perfectly straight line. They may spin in circles or flap their arms to express joy, or purposely injure themselves to voice discontent.  Difficulty in communication can get very frustrating for a person living with autism and for those who care for them and teach them. (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2005)  Some eventually do learn language skills, but for others, it eludes them for a lifetime (Wing, 1996).

Because is it a spectrum disorder, the level of severity, as well as intelligence levels, vary from person to person.  Also, many autistic personalities are often coupled with other disorders such as mental handicaps with IQs under 70 or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD).  Those with IQs above 70 are considered “high functioning autistics” and are very capable of living a fairly normal life when receiving treatment (Mesibov, et. al., 2001).

Asperger’s syndrome is another type of developmental disorder on the autistic spectrum.  It is similar in nature to high functioning autism, and health care workers treat it in a similar fashion.  It was first coined Asperger’s syndrome in 1981 by an English doctor named Lorna Wing.  Wing had published a collection of research summaries about children having symptoms similar to four children that Hans Asperger had observed in 1944 (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2011).  These children of normal intelligence did not communicate non-verbally and they had trouble empathizing with others around them.  They avoided eye contact with others and their speech was unusually formal and monotone for children of their age.  Likewise, their understanding of speech was extremely literal (they could not detect sarcasm). Furthermore, they were very clumsy because they lacked proficient motor skills, and they had a tendency to fixate on certain objects to the point of temper tantrums if the object was removed (Stoddard, 2004). 

Indeed, the obsessive nature of children with Asperger’s syndrome is one of the first signs that prompt caregivers into speculating abnormality (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2007).  Because of their very nature of obsession, they will talk relentlessly about the object or subject of interest.  The topic of interest varies from person to person, but it could be as simple as a toaster or as complex as astrophysics.  As a result of their obsession, they are extremely knowledgeable in the subject.  For instance, if the interest was a toaster, they would know precisely how long it takes for a slice of bread to toast, down to the very second with each setting, they would know the exact temperature that it heats to, they would understand precisely how the wiring operates, and would probably know the history and detailed statistics of its development and usage.

Individuals who suffer from Asperger’s syndrome are very capable of becoming constructive, self-sufficient adults; however, just like all ASDs, they do have trouble socially because of their odd behaviors. Thus, the risk for them to become severely depressed and have trouble finding a compatible mate as adults is very high.  Fortunately, many, with treatment, learn to cope and go on to live very happy productive lives. (Aston, 2003)

Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) is yet another ASD.  For those with some autistic-like symptoms, like my nephew, but do not fully meet the principles for Asperger’s syndrome or Autism are usually categorized as PDD-NOS (Autism Speaks, n.d).  Usually, people who fit into this class of ASDs show a few very mild signs of autism, or of another type of a more clearly distinct PDD, but does not display all of the symptoms (Morris, 2008), but appear to be an otherwise normal.  It is usually evident that there is some insufficiency in their socializing with family and friends, but the problem is less severe (compared with autism).

There are really no clearly defined guidelines for diagnosing PDD-NOS which can be problematic for investigation purposes; however, a limited amount of data suggests that many children with PDD-NOS are diagnosed, on average, at a later age than autistic children because lower intelligence is uncommon.  In one particular study done on 216 children with ADS, researchers have found three different basic types of PDD-NOS.  The first is a high functioning group whose symptoms were similar to Asperger’s syndrome, except they had delays in speech and mild cognitive disability whereas with AS, there are no delays.  The next group favored similarities with autism, but acquired symptoms later in their childhood.  The last group was also very autistic-like, but had no repetitive, stereotyped behavior (Walker, et al. 2004)

When my nephew was diagnosed with PDD-NOS, it was easy to understand.  Although he does display some autistic type symptoms like his delayed speech, his mild repetitive behavior, and his extreme frustration when he is interrupted; however, he is a very imaginative child, which is very un-autistic like.  His diagnosis did not place him in a sub-group, but I believe he would fit into the last sub-group of PDD-NOS.

There is no specific treatment for ASDs, currently; but there are options available to help parents, health-care workers, and teachers to help with behavioral and learning potentials.  As a spectrum disorder, people vary with the capacity to live normal or near normal lives.  For those that are high-functioning, it is very possible for them to exist fairly independently, with treatment; nevertheless, even for those that are the lower level scale of functioning can benefit from behavioral management therapy and special educational options for these individuals (Richman, 2000)

The Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) treatment is believed to be a good process for children suffering from an ASD.  Its various techniques teach social interaction, basic living motor skills, and verbal behaviors as well as reasoning skills (Mash & Barkley, 2006).  Parents, health-care workers, and teaches can use this approach for children with autism.  It can be extremely advantageous in helping them to learn behaviors that they would not be able to absorb by themselves.  The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) also consider speech and language therapy can be of great use to help them to better communicate with others; furthermore, occupational and physical therapy can be beneficial as well (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2005).

ASDs do not discriminate and, although there is no conclusive evidence, it appears to be on the rise.  According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it affects people from all different races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds; although boys are four times more likely to be affected than girls.  A possible average of 1 out of every 110 children in the USA are somewhere within the spectrum.  ASD is being diagnosed more and more currently than previously, but it is difficult to determine the reason for this increase.  According to a study done on children with autistic disorder enrolled in the California Department of Developmental Services, 1987 to 1998 experienced a 273% increase in ASD cases (Mash & Barkley, 2006).  It could very well be that there truly is an increase in cases, but it could also be possible that better referral methods for expert diagnosis and treatment, higher awareness and understanding of the disorder (Wing, 1996), and a broader definition of ASDs (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010) may the cause for the increase in prevalence.

The cause of autism and other ASDs is unknown; however, there is some interesting information that has been noted in studies done on ASDs.  There are most likely many factors involved because of the large variety of differences in the spectrum (Bauman & Kemper, 2004).  For instance, researchers have found in that children with autism and related disorders, their brains tend to be slightly larger than normal.  Also, if a newborn had a small head size at birth and then all of sudden there is a very fast growth in size before their first birthday is at risk for developing autism.  Additionally, parents, siblings, and other relatives of a child with autism often have some symptoms of the disorder (Yapko, 2003).

There could be some genetic and environmental factors to consider when researching the cause for ASDs. About one percent of people with autism have duplicated or missing genes on one of the pair of designated chromosome.  Autism could possibly be the result of  the interaction of several genes that may be on different chromosomes.

 There have been reports of studies that a positive association has been found between autism and vaccinations.  The rise in the amount of vaccinations given to children has seemed to rise along with prevalence in children diagnosed with autism.  Many individuals have a genetic susceptibility to acquiring autism, but according to some researchers, they may need something environmental to prompt initiation of the disorder.  It could be that vaccinations for children are the source (DeLong, 2011) in a very small amount of children (Stratton, et al, 2001); however, the most current information provided by the CDC states that there is no conclusive scientific evidence that any part of a vaccine or a combination of vaccines causes autism (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). The Immunization Safety Review committee suggests that more research needs to be done on the subject because of limitations of evidence and the significance of the subject (Stratton, et al., 2001).

Autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, and PDD-NOS are very interesting disorders.  Being that they are so varied from person to person they have been placed on a spectrum in order to label them properly.  The truth is, part of the beauty of this world is that everyone is different.  Although having these disorders does cause people to have difficulties dealing with other people, and they do need more assistance in getting along in the world we live in, I personally believe that the idea of disorder should be redefined.  As a person with a close relative with the disorder, I see nothing wrong with him.  He is just different.  The best way to help those with an ASD is to truly learn to understand them, love them, help them as best we can, and accept them.  Maybe if the world redefined what normal actually is, we would be more capable of understanding how those with an ASD see the world.

References

Aston, M. (2003) Aspergers in Love. London, GBR: Jessica Kingsley Publishers

Autism Speaks (n.d.) Asperger’s Syndrome. What is Autism? Retrieved from:

http://www.autismspeaks.org/ what-autism/asperger-syndrome

Autism Speaks (n.d.) PDD-NOS. What is Autism? Retrieved from: http://www.autism

speaks.org/ what-autism/pdd-nos

Morris, B.K. (2008). http://www.autism-help.org/pdd-nos-overview-autism.htm

Bauman, M.L. Kemper, T.L. (2004). Neurobiology of Autism. Baltimore, MD:

Hopkins University Press

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (Dec., 2010). Facts about Autism Spectrum

Disorders. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html

DeLong, G. (2011). A Positive Association found between Autism Prevalence and

Childhood Vaccination uptake across the U.S. Population. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 74(14), 903.  Retrieved from: http://proquest. umi.com/pqdweb?did=2377783471&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=74379&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Mash, E.J., Barkley, R.A. (2006). Treatment of Childhood Disorders. 

New York, NY: Guilford Press

Mesibov, G.B., Shea, V., Adams, L.W. (2001). Understanding Asperger Syndrome and

High Functioning Autism. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (May, 2005). Autism:

What We Know. Autism Research at the NICHD. Pub. No. 05-5592. Retrieved from: http://www.nichd. nih.gov/publications/pubs/upload/autism_overview _2005.pdf#page=3

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (July, 2010). Autism

Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Retrieved from: http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/ topics/asd.cfm

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (May, 2007). Asperger’s

Syndrome. Retrieved from:  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/asperger syndrome.cfm

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2011). Asperger Syndrome Fact

Sheet. Retrieved from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/ detail_asperger.htm

Richman, S. (2000) Raising a Child with Autism: A Guide to Applied Behavior Analysis

for Parents. London, GBR: Jessica Kingsley Publishers

Stratton, et. al 2001 Stratton, K.G., Shetty, A.R. (2001). Immunization Safety Review:

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism. Washington, DC: National Academies Press

Stoddard, K.P. (2004). Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Intergrating

Multiple Perspectives. London, GBR: Jessica Kingsly Publishers

Walker, D.R., M.SC.; Thompson, A., M.SC.; Zwaigenbaum, L., M.D.; Goldberg, J.,

M.D.; Bryson, S.E., PH.D.; Mahoney, W.J., M.D.; Strawbridge, C.P., B.A.;

Szatmari, P., M.D. (2004). Specifying PDD-NOS: A Comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger Syndrome, and Autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 43(2)172-180. doi:10.1097/00004583-200402000-00012

Wing, L. (1996). Autistic spectrum disorders. British Medical Journal. 312(7027): 327-

328. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2350247/

pdf/ bmj00528-0009.pdf

Yapko, D. (2003). Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders : Frequently Asked

Questions. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers

Analysis of Andrea Yates Trial and Mental Illness

Andrea Yates seemed to be the all American girl.  She was the youngest of five children, born to a middle class couple.  Her father worked as a high school auto shop teacher, and her mother was a homemaker (Denno, 2003).  She was an overachiever, graduating as valedictorian of her high school class, was captain of the swim team, and a member of the national honor society (Ramsland, n.d.). She went onto earn her nursing degree, first at the University of Houston’s 2 year pre-nursing program, and then on to the University of Texas School of Nursing in Houston, graduating in 1986. From there she worked at a cancer treatment center for eight years before she married Russell Yates (Montaldo, n.d.). 

She became pregnant with their first of five children almost immediately.   She quit her job at the cancer treatment center to become a stay at home mom. She chose to homeschool her kids, which gave her a great deal of time with them.  She went jogging and swimming regularly, until after the birth of her first child.  She was married for 10 years, in which they lived a pretty normal life; but then, after the birth of her youngest child, she committed the horrifying act of drowning all five children in the bathtub on June 20, 2001. 

A deeper look into her life revealed a short history of mental illness in the two years prior to the tragedy. Mrs. Yates’s was hospitalized four times for various mental illness symptoms which she received different diagnoses such as severe depression, and severe depression with psychosis.  During one of her hospital stays, she was described as “a profoundly psychotic woman” (Tanay & Simon, 2009).   She attempted suicide on several different occasions, once by an overdose of an antidepressant, and twice with a knife.  Once at her home, where her husband fought with her to take the knife away ( Montaldo, n.d.) and another at her parent’s house after her father’s funeral (Walsh, 2001). She had several catatonic episodes, some while in a hospital, and others in the presence of family members.  She also experienced severe paranoia (Ramsland, n.d.).  For example, she believed that there were cameras installed in the walls, watching her every move; and also claimed that cartoons characters were talking to her through the television (Tanay & Simon, 2009) . 

She was prescribed various antidepressants at different times including Effexor, Remeron, (Walsh, 2001) Zoloft , and Zyprexa (Ramsland, n.d.), as well as an anti-psychotic drug, called Haldol (Montaldo, n.d.).  At one point, she was even considered a candidate for electroshock therapy.  While on Haldol her condition improved, and things began to return to normal for a while (Montaldo, n.d.).  Her psychiatrist warned her not to have any more children; unfortunately, at her husband’s urging (Montaldo, n.d.), she stopped taking Haldol, and proceeded to have one more child (Montaldo, n.d.).  The birth of her youngest child, and the death of her father shortly after, triggered another major depressive episode which resulted in the death of her kids(Denno, 2003).

She was originally convicted of murder, but the verdict was overturned in an appeal case, and she was exonerated by reason of insanity.  Although the prosecution was in agreement that Andrea Yates was mentally ill, a forensic psychiatrist for the prosecution asserted that she was sane when she committed her crime because she knew that it was a sin and did it anyway (Denno, 2003). The experts made at least five different precise diagnoses, including postpartum psychosis, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia (Denno, 2003).

I personally believe that the insanity defense was valid.  No mother with a stable mind would commit such a heinous crime. It is even rare among mothers with mental illnesses (Walsh, 2001). In order for a mother to take the life of her own children, she must have been clinically insane.  What Andrea Yates did was unspeakable; but the nature of the crime itself screams psychotic.  This woman was truly delusional.  I believe that overturning the original conviction was the correct decision; however, she should have been found unfit to stand trial in the first place. 

References

Denno, D.W. (2003).  Who is Andrea Yates?: A short story about insanity.  Duke Journal of

Gender Law & Policy. 10 (Summer), 1-85. Retrieved from: http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_go2943/is_10/ai_n9360004/?tag=content;col1

Montaldo, C. (2011.). Andrea Yates - Profile of Andrea Yates. Crime and Punishment Home

Page. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from: http://crime.about.com/od/current/p /andreayates.htm

Ramsland, K. (n.d.). Andrea Yates: Ill or Evil? Trutv Crime Library. Retrieved from:

http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/andrea_yates/14.html

Tanay, E. & Simon, R.I. (2009). American Legal Injustice: Behind the Scenes with an Expert

Witness. Blue Ridge Summit, PA, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.  Retrieved from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/Doc?id=10435058&ppg=256

 

Walsh, D. (2001).Texas mother drowns children: Andrea Yates and "family values".

International Committee of the Fourth International. J(02). Retrieved from: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jul2001/yate-j02.shtml

Analysis of the Welcome Table

In "The Welcome Table", Alice Walker, the author of the Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Color Purple, shows her literary genius in her short story portrayal of an elderly woman's last day on earth.  She catches the reader’s attention immediately with a short poem of only five lines. The poem basically conveys the image of what the title suggests.  Sitting at a dinner table where you are a welcome guest, and feeling comfortable enough with the host that you can talk freely about anything, including painful life experiences.  It also has a spiritual message of hope for the future perceived through the religion of Christianity, which is illustrated by indicating to who the host of the dinner party is (God), “walking and talking with Jesus” and “one of these days”.  Ironically, the depth of the story shows the majority of followers of Christianity in this story as inhospitable and hateful.  Like most of Walker’s literary work, “The Welcome Table” focuses on the life of an African American woman (Clugston, 2010); hence, there are many concepts that can be analyzed in this story, including the historical struggles of African American women, or the illogical biases of racism; however, a distinctive approach would be to analyze the religious aspect of this story.  This story is a criticism of Christian hypocrisy, while simultaneously, celebrating the hope that comes from faith in Jesus in a dismal world.

The story starts with a very detailed description of a poor elderly African American woman.  Using words such as "withered, remnants, old, aging, ancient, worn, and wrinkled", gives the impression of her being elderly.  The depiction of her wearing her best attire that she owns, as suggested by the words “Sunday-go-to-meeting clothes”, yet were mildewed, worn, stained, and missing a button, tells of her poor financial condition. 

Many literary masterpieces are riddled in symbolism.  These symbols are given meaning by way of the human collective unconscious.  According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious, which is a universal conscious that all human beings share throughout history manifests itself through archetypes (Herghenhahn, & Olson, 2007).  Archetypes are “innate predispositions to experience and symbolize certain situations in a distinct way” (Cowgill, 1997, para.5).  We as human routinely associate certain words with these symbols and experiences, which is a thought pattern that we have inherited (Lewin, 2009).. When literature is looked at with a critical eye, the demonstration of symbols can really begin to appear.  Mythological literature is deeply interwoven with representative symbols (Clugston, 2010).  When viewing literature with a critical eye, the use of archetypes can become very evident than if the passages were read for entertainment purposes.

An archetypal comparison of being poor and elderly is symbolic of a loneliness, misery without hope, as is the color gray (Hemphill, 1996), being weather beaten, and overworked: words also used to describe the old woman.  Among all this dreariness, the persona hints of optimism by using the word “uplifted” and the woman’s hope that abounds in Jesus, by reference of the “glittering cross that crowned”, regardless of her depressing situation. 

The author’s criticism of Christian hypocrisy continues as she describes the atrocious thoughts, attitudes, and actions of the pious white members of the church.  For them, the elderly black lady was a threat, regardless of her harmless character, being not only elderly, but also forgetful, and nearly blind.  She represented the illogical fear of servitude, evil negativity, and retribution from the up and coming laws, especially for the women.  The men seem to take more of a backseat to the situation, suggesting that the contemptuous feelings were mainly coming from the women, while the men were just doing what they knew the women wanted.  Later in the story, it mentions that the Pastor and the usher possibly referred to her as a family member, which could explain their gentler, but still uncompassionate, demeanor towards her.  The possible implications of the men having an African American woman as kin, as well as the old woman herself possibly having Caucasian blood  as indicated with having blue brown eyes, and a thin nose, once again, indicates the hypocrisy and fear of the white church members. 

The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ.  According to the first four books of the New Testament, he lived his whole life with gentleness, kindness, love, and forgiveness.  He dined with wrongdoers, healed the sick and the blind, ministered to the poor, and his dying words were that of forgiveness for those who put him to death.  He despised religious piety without love and compassion, just as he portrayed in his reproof of the Pharisees.  Although the church members were obviously well off as suggested by their “leather bagged and shoed, with good calfskin gloves to keep out the cold”, instead of treating the old woman with compassion and love as Jesus would have, they look at her with contempt and treated her cruelly by throwing her out into the cold.  As people claiming to follow Jesus, he would not have approved. 

It was actually quite funny when the narrator went on to say “they felt at once justified and scornful……inside the church, it was warmer. They sang, they prayed. The protection and promise of God’s impartial love grew more not less desirable as the sermon gathered fury and lashed itself out above their penitent heads.”  Although they were not penitent in the least, they were correct in desiring God’s impartial love, because the bible teaches that even the most wretched can and will be forgiven if they truly were repentant.  True repentance would result in their own impartiality against those whom they hold prejudices; whether it be justified or illogical.

However, the old woman, on the other hand, regardless of her painful life experiences, she kept her faith.  It also appeared that she was used to being mistreated, but did not allow it to bother her.  She simply brushed it off without so much as a thought.  Although she has had many grievances against others, she held no disdain, but remained pleased, as indicated when she was thrown out.  She was bewildered, but not scornful.  She simply was bothered because they had interrupted her worship, which she again picked up again soon thereafter. 

The climax to the story is when she sees Jesus approach her asking her to follow him.  She begins to walk joyfully with him, until her heart gave out, but spiritually continued walking with him, straight over the treetops to Heaven.  Although one could see her as delusional up until the point of death, since those who saw her walking saw no one with her, I do not prefer to believe she was at that point.  I rather like have the perspective of seeing the poor old woman’s end in being reunited with the one person that gave her hope throughout her deeply trying life!  Although the end resulted in her death, ironically, I did not feel any sadness, but delighted in her having such a “delusion” in her last hours. 

Alice Walker’s portrayal of an old African American woman living in the south previously before civil rights had its reach was a sad story indeed.  The old woman had known suffering and mistreatment throughout her whole life.  Her day of restful peace had finally come.  Although her story is one of racial hatred and being mistreated, even from those who are supposed to treat her lovingly and kindly the most, her story still ends triumphal even in contrast to her demise through her continued faith in Christ regardless of her situation.

References

Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education,

Inc. Retrieved from: https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUENG125.10.2

Cowgill, C. (1997). Carl Jung. Muskingum University History of Psychology Archives.

Retrieved from: http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/jung.htm

Hemphill, M. (1996). A note on adults' color-emotion associations. The Journal of Genetic

Psychology, 157(3), 275-275. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/ 228554982?accountid=32521

Herghenhahn, B.R., Olson, Matthew H. (2007).  An introduction to Theories of Personality (7^th

Ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

Lewin, N. (2009). Jung on War, Politics and Nazi Germany: Exploring the Theory of Archetypes

and the Collective Unconscious. London, GBR: Karnac Books. Retrieved from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/docDetail.action?docID=10478424&p00=archetypal%20approach%20literature%20criticism